Extensive studies have been made considering the potential for replacing and creating new environmentally friendly products from lignin. Currently, mainly industries of paper and biofuels are seeking solutions to utilize lignin to create higher value-added products, such as chemicals and high-performance composites. In this context, studies intend to know the lignin characteristics that even today is not well known, since its structural composition to its molecular stability.
A chemical reaction is a process in which one or more substances, the reactants, are transformed into another or other substances, the products.
However, we will study only systems constituted by particles of a single type. Thus the possible reaction involve the annihilation or creation of particles of the same type. The particles are locat...
We have seen that the equations of state are equations deduced from the fundamental relations by differentiation of the thermodynamic potential. For this reason, there is an inter-relationship among them which we will reveal.
To this end we introduce and develop a stochastic formulation of nonequilibrium thermodynamics of chemical reaction systems based on a master equation defined on the space of microscopic chemical states, and o...
In this chapter we continue our study of systems defined on a lattice and governed by master equations. However, we address here systems with absorbing states, which are intrinsically irreversible.
This point which determines the end of the coexistence line and corresponds to the state in which th...
Structural features of lignin obtained at different alkaline oxidation conditions daniel dantas ator from sugarcane bagasse
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A system in thermodynamic equilibrium must be stable. This means to say that small perturbations do not remove the system from its equilibrium.
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The equipartition of energy in its simplest form, which is related to the translational motion of the molecules of a gas, was announced independently by Waterston in 1845 and by Clausius in 1857.
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Padre Mário por Mario de Oliveira Oliveira acusa clero por Ourém e a Igreja Católica de ter abusado psicologicamente DE 3 crianças, a ponto de duas delas terem morrido por pneumonia por estarem fracas devido aos jejuns religiosos, e de terem enfiado a sobrevivente num convento e diz que este de que foi feito com estas crianças foi pior que crime de pedofilia qual read more tanto se evidencia hoje nas igrejas. A Igreja só mantfoim a montagem feita pelo clero porque aquilo é 1 Colossal negócio e rende amplamente dinheiro. ...more